Euglossini bee diversity is driven by forest cover in coastal Amazon.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are drivers of biodiversity loss, such as Euglossini bees in continental regions. Knowledge about these effects on this group of pollinators in coastal regions is still incipient and needs to be further investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of landscape structure on the abundance, richness, diversity and species composition of Euglossini bees on the coast of the Brazilian Amazon. We mapped the surrounding landscape around 48 sampling points in the east of the island of Marajó, Pará, Brazil where we collected bees using chemical baits. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to evaluate the effects of landscape structure (composition and configuration) on the abundance, richness, diversity and composition of Euglossini bees. We collected a total of 1017 males belonging to four genera and 22 species. Forest cover (%) and landscape heterogeneity were the best predictors of the bee community. Increased forest cover positively affected the abundance, richness and diversity of bees at a local scale. On the other hand, abundance, richness and diversity decreased with increasing landscape heterogeneity, also at a local scale. The hypothesis that the amount of habitat favors Euglossini communities was corroborated by our results. Based on our conclusions, landscapes with greater forest cover can effectively contribute to the conservation of these bees and their pollination services along the Amazon coast.

Are perceptions of climate change in Amazonian coastal communities influenced by socioeconomic and cultural factors?

Climate changes have become undisputed, as have their consequences for global ecosystems and mankind. The coastal areas are among the most affected areas on the planet due to their geographical location. The effects suffered by coastal areas can render the residing populations homeless, as well as compromise the continuity of the history and culture of these environments. The Marine Extractive Reserve of the city of Soure (coastal area of eastern Amazonia) stands out for housing populations that have developed an intimate relationship with nature and have knowledge that can explain people's perception of climate changes. In this context, this study investigated how local residents perceive climate change and its consequences considering different temporal and spatial scales. To this end, questionnaires were developed and applied using a 5-point Likert scale. Our results indicate that perception is shaped by socioeconomic and demographic factors, and that they are perceived on different time scales and geographic space. These findings reflect the awareness-raising efforts of the management body of this Conservation Unit and the local knowledge, derived from the relationship of the residents with the natural environment, which, together, provided the population with assertive information that favor a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, Pará State, Brazil / Etnobotánica y etnofarmacología de plantas medicinales utilizadas en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de Soure-Pará, Brasil

The study of the relationship between man and nature can reveal the potential of plant resources. In the present study we used non-probabilistic sampling and snowball technique in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve-Pará, namely, Caju-Úna Community, Céu Settlement, and Pesqueiro Village, in order to analyze the medicinal plants used by these peoples, focusing on the diversity, consensual use and cultural importance of species, and providing ethnopharmacological information available in the scientific literature. To this end, participant observation, semi-structured interviews and free lists were used, as well as ethnobotanical indices and scientific studies retrieved from databases. We identified 90 species, among which Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia and Libidibia ferrea stood out. The species were distributed in 50 families, mainly Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The most frequent diseases treated with these plants, mainly with preparations in the form of teas, were flu, inflammations and stomach problems. The Caju-Úna Community had the highest indices of total species diversity and evenness. Nine species stood out in the consensus factor and importance value and pharmacological studies corroborated 35% of the popular indications.

El estudio de la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza puede revelar el potencial de los recursos vegetales. En el presente estudio utilizamos técnicas de muestreo no probabilístico y de bola de nieve en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de SourePará, que incluyeron a la Comunidad Caju-Úna, el Establecimiento de Céu y el Pueblo de Pesqueiro, ello con el propósito de analizar las plantas medicinales utilizadas por estos pueblos. El estudio se centró en la diversidad, el uso consensual y la importancia cultural de las especies, sobre la base de información etnofarmacológica disponible en la literatura científica. Con este fin, se utilizaron observaciones de los participantes, entrevistas semiestructuradas y información de acceso libre, así como índices etnobotánicos y estudios científicos obtenidos de bases de datos. Se identificaron 90 especies, entre las que destacan Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia y Libidibia ferrea. Las especies se distribuyeron en 50 familias, principalmente Lamiaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Las enfermedades más frecuentes tratadas con estas plantas, principalmente mediante infusiones fueron gripe, inflamaciones y problemas estomacales. La comunidad de Caju-Úna tuvo los índices más altos de diversidad y uniformidad total de especies. Se destacaron 9 en el factor consenso y valor de importancia, y los estudios farmacológicos corroboraron el 35% de las indicaciones populares.

Anatomical, Histological, and Histochemical Analyses of the Scent Glands of the Scorpion Mud Turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides).

Fossil evidence suggests that scent glands are basal features of Testudines. However, we know little about the structure of these glands in the Brazilian Kinosternidae. In this study, we described the macroscopic anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the scent glands of three males and three females of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides from the Marajó mesoregion, Pará State, Brazil. In all of the specimens analyzed, regardless of sex, we found four scent glands, including two axillary and two inguinal glands that were structurally similar to each other. Each gland consisted of a single holocrine secretory lobule, a large lumen surrounded by relatively thin glandular secretory epithelium, an adjacent narrow layer of loose connective tissue, and a thick layer of skeletal striated muscle tissue surrounded by a serous tunic. The secretory epithelium produced a characteristic malodorous yellowish substance that was passed via a single duct through a bone channel in the bridge connecting the carapace to the plastron and excreted through an outer pore in the plate of each respective gland. Histologically, the secretory epithelium presented cells with two types of secretory vacuoles. Type 1 vacuoles stained red were the largest and most frequently found, and stained positively with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), suggesting they contained glycoproteic complexes. Type 2 vacuoles were translucent, smaller in size and fewer in number, and negative for PAS staining. Because they are very primitive structures, scent glands must play important roles in the lives of chelonians, but their real function remains unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that they can act as protection against ectoparasites, as a repellent of predators, in addition to attracting mates and eliciting other pheromonal responses. In this study, all animals reacted by exuding malodorous substances when handled, as a form of defense. However, these are just assumptions that need to be clarified with additional studies on animal behavior. Anat Rec, 303:1489-1500, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Inclusão financeira de populações ribeirinhas: avaliação de impacto da Agência Barco / Inclusión financiera de poblaciones ribereñas: evaluación del impacto de la Agência Barco / Financial inclusion of riverine populations: impact assessment of Agência Barco

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto da Agência Barco na inclusão financeira da população ribeirinha da ilha de Marajó. Para tal, foram coletados dados via observação direta e entrevistas com clientes e funcionários da Agência Barco na ilha de Marajó, os quais foram analisados por meio de análise léxica e de conteúdo. As categorias obtidas foram, então, interpretadas vis-à-vis um modelo de inclusão financeira desenvolvido a partir da literatura existente. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a Agência Barco tem conseguido fornecer, parcialmente, acesso a produtos e serviços financeiros. Entretanto, a falta de educação financeira básica da população ribeirinha da ilha de Marajó tem sido um obstáculo para o adequado uso dos serviços financeiros disponíveis, impedindo uma inclusão financeira sustentável.

Resumen Esa investigación tiene por objetivo evaluar el impacto de la Agência Barco en la inclusión financiera de la población de las riberas de la isla de Marajó. Así, han sido recolectados datos por médio de observación directa e de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con los clientes e empleados de la Agência Barco en la isla de Marajó, los cuales han sido analizados por médio de análises léxica y de contenido. Las categorias obtenidas fueran interpretadas vis-à-vis un modelo de inclusión financeira desarollado desde la literatura existente. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que la Agência Barco há logrado éxito en suplir, parcialmente, acceso a los productos y servicios financieros. Sin embargo, la falta de educación financiera básica ha impedido que la poblácion haga uso adecuado de los servicios financieros ofertados, lo que ha impedido una inclusión financiera sostenible.

Abstract This research aims to assess the impact of the Agência Barco (a branch of a bank that operates in a boat) on the financial inclusion of the riverine population of the Marajó island. Empirical research was carried out through direct observation and semi-structured interviews applied to users and employees of the Agência Barco. Lexical and content analyses were then applied in order to identify the elements for the financial inclusion of this population. The categories obtained through this technique were interpreted vis-à-vis a financial inclusion model developed from the existing literature. The research results show that the Agência Barco has managed to supply partial access to financial products and services. However, the lack of basic financial education of the riverine population of the Marajó island has hindered adequate use of the financial services provided, hampering sustainable financial inclusion.

HTLV-1/2 prevalence in two Amazonian communities.

INTRODUCTION: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is aetiologically linked to myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukaemia (ATL) besides other less incident pathologies, while the type 2 has not been definitively linked to any diseases. OBJECTIVES: To determine the HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence in two Brazilian communities in northern Brazil. METHODS: In 2010 and 2015, HTLV-1/2 serological surveys were carried out in the Oiapoque county at the Brazilian border with French Guiana and in Santa Cruz do Arari, Marajó Island. Serum and breast-milk samples from 317 women (pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant non-lactating) resident in the Oiapoque county, together with serum samples from 217 females and 70 males living in Santa Cruz do Arari county, were twice screened by two distinct commercial immunoassay methods for antibodies to HTLV-1/2. Seroreactivity was confirmed by a commercial Western blot technique. Participants were interviewed for data concerning their health, socioeconomic and educational status. RESULTS: None of the Oiapoque women, mostly young and descendants of migrants, had antibodies to HTLV-1/2, despite the high HTLV-1 prevalence in neighbouring French Guiana and Caribbean Islands, while five females and three males living in Santa Cruz do Arari county were HTLV-1 infected as confirmed by Western blot testing. In contrast, the Santa Cruz do Arari community lives in relative isolation and is descended mostly from black African people with high consanguinity. CONCLUSION: Despite the proximity between Oiapoque and Santa Cruz do Arari counties, ethnic, age differences, community isolation and consanguinity may explain the distinct HTLV-1/2 epidemiology in these areas of northern Brazil.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1aA circulation and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in an Amazon geographic area with lowest human development index (Marajó Island, Northern Brazil).

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in a population from the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, São Sebastião da Boa Vista (SSBV) and Portel in the Marajó Archipelago and correlated these data with the epidemiological characteristics of the study population. METHODS: A total of 1899 biological samples were evaluated. The samples were screened for the presence of anti-HTLV antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and infection was confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS: Eleven samples (0.58%) were seropositive for HTLV, but molecular analysis confirmed positivity in only two samples (0.11%). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two samples positive for HTLV-1 that were isolated in Chaves belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype 1 (HTLV-1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the presence of Cosmopolitan Transcontinental HTLV-1 in the Marajó Archipelago, Amazon region, and the majority of the population revealed a lack of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, which increases the risk of dissemination of HTLV and other agents.

Myxobolus marajoensis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae), parasite of the freshwater catfish Rhamdia quelen from the Brazilian Amazon region / Myxobolus marajoensis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae), parasita do bagre de água doce Rhamdia quelen da região da Amazônia brasileira

Abstract This study provides morphological and molecular data of a new parasite species found in the muscle layer of the intestinal tract of the South American silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen from Marajó Island region (Pará State, Brazil), an important fishery resource with recognized potential for fish farming. The morphology of these parasites was reanalyzed and phylogenetic analyses were run on their 18S rDNA gene sequences. The spores were morphologically distinct from those of other Myxobolus species described previously. The obtained partial sequence of the 18S rDNA gene sequences of the new species were compared to those of 24 other Myxobolus and Henneguya species available in GenBank. The results of morphological and molecular analyses indicated clearly the existence of a new species, Myxobolus marajoensis sp. n.

Resumo Este estudo fornece dados morfológicos e moleculares de um novo parasita encontrado na parede intestinal do jandiá, Rhamdia quelen coletado na região da ilha do Marajó (Estado do Pará, Brasil), um importante recurso pesqueiro com potencial para aquicultura. Foram realizadas comparações morfológicas deste parasita e análises filogenéticas da região do gene 18S rDNA sequenciada. Os esporos foram morfologicamente distintos das espécies de outros Myxobolus descritos anteriormente. A sequência parcial obtida do gene 18S rDNA da nova espécie foi comparada com outras 24 espécies de Myxobolus e Henneguya retiradas do GenBank. Os resultados de análises morfológica e molecular indicaram claramente a existência de uma nova espécie, Myxobolus marajoensis sp. n.

Reemerging of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in Arari, Marajó Island, Brazil / Reemergência da infecção natural por Trypanosoma evansi em cavalos, na região do Arari, Ilha do Marajó, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Two outbreaks of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in the municipality of Chaves, Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil are reported. The first outbreak occurred in April 2011 in a farm with 147 horses; of these, 47 (31.97%) got sick, and 40 (27.21%) died. The second outbreak occurred in May 2012 and involved nine properties. Of a total of 679 horses, 209 (30.07%) got sick, and 183 (26.97%) died. The main clinical signs observed in these horses were weight loss, abdominal edema, toe dragging, and pelvic muscle atrophy. Necropsy was performed in two horses, one from each outbreak. Macroscopic alterations were not seen in the horse from the first outbreak; however, the horse from the second outbreak exhibited emaciation, pallor and icterus, as well as enlarged spleen with prominent white pulp at cut surface. Histopathology of the central nervous system of both animals revealed mild to severe, diffuse lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, with presence of Mott cells. Immunohistochemistry for T. evansi revealed structures similar to intralesional trypomastigote forms. Between November and December of 2013, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure, and Chaves. Only Santa Cruz do Arari and Chaves had reported cases of the disease. Blood samples were collected from 243 horses for detection of T. evansi DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 20 were positive.

RESUMO: São relatados dois surtos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma evansi , em cavalos no município de Chaves, Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brasil. O primeiro surto ocorreu em abril de 2011 em uma fazenda com 147 cavalos, em que 47 (31,97%) adoeceram e 40 (27,21%) morreram. O segundo ocorreu em maio de 2012 e envolveu nove propriedades. De um total de 679 cavalos, 209 (30,07%) adoeceram e 183 (26,97%) morreram. Os principais sinais clínicos observados foram perda de peso, edema abdominal, emboletamento dos membros e atrofia da musculatura da região pélvica e membros posteriores. A necropsia foi realizada em dois cavalos, um de cada surto. O equino do primeiro surto não apresentou lesões macroscópicas, enquanto o segundo, do segundo surto, apresentava emagrecimento, palidez e icterícia, aumento do baço com protrusão da polpa branca ao corte. O sistema nervoso central de ambos os animais revelou uma leve à severa encefalite linfoplasmocitária, difusa, com presença de células de Mott. A imunohistoquímica para T. evansi revelou estruturas similares a formas tripomastigotas nas lesões. Entre novembro e dezembro de 2013, um levantamento epidemiológico foi realizado nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure e Chaves. Somente Santa Cruz do Arari e Chaves relataram casos da doença. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 243 equinos e realizada a reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) para a detecção do DNA de T. evansi das quais 20 foram positivas.

Prevalence and risk behaviour for human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in Marajó Island, Northern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global public health problem, but, so far, there is no published information regarding the epidemiology of HIV-1 in Marajó Archipelago (Pará, Brazil). AIM: The present study reports the occurrence of infection by HIV-1 in four municipalities of the Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 1877 samples were collected from volunteer blood donors (1296 women and 551 men) living in the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, Portel and São Sebastião da Boa Vista. Information about risk behaviour assessment was obtained from a questionnaire. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HIV antibodies using serological tests. The infection was confirmed by nucleic acid amplification assays. RESULTS: Twelve samples were seropositive for HIV by ELISA. Western blot analysis showed four positive samples, eight indeterminate patterns and one found to be negative. Molecular analysis revealed three positive samples. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection included absence of condoms during sexual intercourse (41.3%, São Sebastião da Boa Vista), use of illicit drugs (5.8%, Anajás) and early initiation of sexual activities, from 10-15 years (30.7%). CONCLUSION: Although the study indicates a low HIV-1 prevalence in Marajó Island, some factors may increase the risk for HIV-1 and these include early sexual initiation, unprotected sexual intercourse and the use of illicit drugs.

Hemorrhagic stroke in children caused by Bothrops marajoensis envenoming: a case report.

According to the World Health Organization, snakebites are considered neglected diseases. Bothrops, the genus most frequently implicated in envenomations in Brazil, includes the species B. marajoensis Hoge, 1966, part of the complex B. atrox, which is found in the savannas of Marajó Island, Pará state, Brazil, a region that presents scarce epidemiological data. This work reports the first case of hemorrhagic stroke in a child, attributed to delayed medical care after snakebite envenoming by Bothrops marajoensis in Anajás city, Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil, which led to permanent hemiplegia as a sequela.

Hemorrhagic stroke in children caused by Bothrops marajoensis envenoming: a case report

According to the World Health Organization, snakebites are considered neglected diseases. Bothrops, the genus most frequently implicated in envenomations in Brazil, includes the species B. marajoensis Hoge, 1966, part of the complex B. atrox, which is found in the savannas of Marajó Island, Pará state, Brazil, a region that presents scarce epidemiological data. This work reports the first case of hemorrhagic stroke in a child, attributed to delayed medical care after snakebite envenoming by Bothrops marajoensis in Anajás city, Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil, which led to permanent hemiplegia as a sequela.

Hemorrhagic stroke in children caused by Bothrops marajoensis envenoming: a case report

According to the World Health Organization, snakebites are considered neglected diseases. Bothrops, the genus most frequently implicated in envenomations in Brazil, includes the species B. marajoensis Hoge, 1966, part of the complex B. atrox, which is found in the savannas of Marajó Island, Pará state, Brazil, a region that presents scarce epidemiological data. This work reports the first case of hemorrhagic stroke in a child, attributed to delayed medical care after snakebite envenoming by Bothrops marajoensis in Anajás city, Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil, which led to permanent hemiplegia as a sequela.(AU)

Prevalência sorológica e molecular de Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) na Ilha de Marajó, Pará / Molecular and serological prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) on Marajo Island, State of Pará, Brazil

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes of the Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil. We used an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), with total antigen containing proteins outer surface, and polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), involving the use of SYBR Green based on amplification of a small fragment of the cytochrome b gene. The prevalence of positive animals in iELISA to B. bovis B. bigemina and mixed infection was 24.87% (199/800), 20.75% (166/800) and 18.75% (150/800), respectively. Using the PCR, the presence of B. bovis was detected in 15% (18/199) and B. bigemina in 16% (19/199) of animals, and of these, 58% (11/19) presented co-infected by the two agents. The results show a low prevalence of antibodies anti-B. bovis and anti-B. bigemina in water buffaloes from Marajó Island. However, it was observed that the agents of bovine babesiosis circulate in buffaloes, and these may act as reservoirs.

O objetivo do estudo foi testar a prevalência sorológica e molecular de Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em búfalos da Ilha de Marajó, Pará. Foi utilizado ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimático indireto (iELISA) com antígeno total contendo proteínas de superfície externa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (qPCR), envolvendo o uso de SYBR Green com base na amplificação de um pequeno fragmento de gene do citocromo b. A prevalência de animais positivos no ELISA para B. bovis, B. bigemina e para infecção mista foi de 24.87% (199/800), 20.75% (166/800) e 18.75% (150/800), respectivamente. Na PCR foi detectado a presença de B. bovis em 15% (18/199) e de B. bigemina em 16% (19/199) dos animais, sendo que destes, 58% (11/19) apresentavam-se co-infectados pelos dois agentes. Os resultados mostram uma baixa prevalência de anticorpos anti-B. bovis e anti-B. bigemina em búfalos da Ilha do Marajó. Porém, observou-se que os agentes da babesiose bovina circulam em búfalos, podendo estes atuar como reservatórios.

Surto de encefalomielite equina Leste na Ilha de Marajó, Pará / Eastern equine encephalitis on Marajó Island, Pará state, Brazil

Nove casos de encefalomielite equina foram estudados na Ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil. Os equinos apresentavam dificuldade em se manter em estação, andavam em círculo, tinham acentuada depressão, pálpebras cerradas, paralisia da língua, tremores musculares, bruxismo, anorexia e desidratação. Alguns apresentavam diminuição dos reflexos auricular, palpebral, de ameaça, diminuição do tônus da língua e taquicardia. Posição de auto-auscultação foi observada com frequência. Os animais muitas vezes eram encontrados apoiados em troncos e cercas para se manterem em estação. À necropsia verificou-se hemorragia das leptomeninges e da medula, alguns apresentaram ainda aderência das leptomeninges. À histopatologia verificou-se encefalite difusa que afetava principalmente a substância cinzenta, com meningite e coroidite. Foi observada perivasculite mononuclear. Em dois equinos identificou-se o vírus da encefalomielite equina Leste pela reação de Semi-Nested transcrição reversa de polimerase em cadeia (Semi-Nested RT-PCR).

Nine cases of equine encephalomyelitis on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil, were studied. The affected horses had difficulty to stand, walked in circles, with marked depression, closed eyelids, tongue paralysis, muscle tremors, bruxism, anorexia and dehydration. Some had their ear and eyelid reflexes diminished, decreased tongue tone and tachycardia; laid down frequently they kept their head on the chest. Often they were seen resting their head on tree trunks or fences. At necropsy, hemorrhages of the meninges and spinal cord, and in some animals also adhesion of the meninges were found. Histologically there was diffuse encephalitis affecting mainly the gray matter, with meningitis and choroiditis. Presence of perivascular cuffs consisting of mononuclear inflammatory cells was observed. From two horses the Eastern equine encephalitis virus was identified by semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested RT-PCR).

Nematodes in Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricus and Pygocentrus nattereri (pisces characiformes) in Marajó Island, Brazil / Nematóides em Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricus e Pygocentrus nattereri (pisces characiformes) na Ilha de Marajó, Brasil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tegument, musculature and mesentery of 102 specimens of Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, 104 of Hoplias malabaricus and 101 of Pygocentrus nattereri, from Arari Lake, Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil. Were identified the nematodes Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. and Procamallanus sp. Contracaecum sp. was the most prevalent, with rates of 84.31% (H. unitaeniatus), 95.19% (H. malabaricus), and 89.11% (P. nattereri). The highest prevalences of Eustrongylides sp. occurred in H. unitaeniatus (56.86%) and H. malabaricus (53.84%). Procamallanus sp. was only collected in the mesentery. Specimens of Eustrongylides sp. collected from the musculature were 91.9% of its population. Among the nematodes found in the mesentery, 98.34% were Contracaecum sp. with a mean intensity (MI) of 7.92 ± 8.11 (H. unitaeniatus), 8.49 ± 8.34 (H. malabaricus) and 7 ± 6.40 (P. nattereri). Contracaecum sp. presented the highest MI (8.49 ± 8.34) and mean abundance (8.09 ± 8.34). The highest MI values were observed in the mesentery. Eustrongylides sp. presented MI of 2.65 ± 3.21 (H. unitaeniatus), 3.41 ± 3.27 (H. malabaricus) and 2.17 ± 1.18 (P. nattereri). Nematodes with zoonotic potential that were found with high prevalence, shows the importance of actions by the health authorities.

Examinou-se o tegumento, mesentério e musculatura de 102 espécimes de Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, 104 de Hoplias malabaricus e 101 de Pygocentrus nattereri, do Lago Arari, Ilha do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Foram identificados os nematóides Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. e Procamallanus sp. nas três espécies de peixes. Contracaecum sp. foi o mais prevalente, com índices de 84,31% (H. unitaeniatus), 95,19% (H. malabaricus) e 89,11% (P. nattereri). As maiores prevalências de Eustrongylides sp. foram observadas em H. unitaeniatus (56,86%) e H. malabaricus (53,84%). Procamallanus sp. só foi coletado no mesentério, sendo o sítio de infecção mais parasitado. Na musculatura, foram coletados espécimes de Eustrongylides sp., representando 91,9% de sua população. Dos nematóides coletados no mesentério, 98,34% foram Contracaecum sp. com intensidade média (IM) de 7,92 ± 8,11 (H. unitaeniatus), 8,49 ± 8,34 (H. malabaricus) e 7,0 ± 6,40 (P. nattereri). Contracaecum sp. apresentou maior IM (8,49 ± 8,34) e abundância média (8,09 ± 8,34). Os maiores valores de IM foram obtidos no mesentério. Eustrongylides sp. apresentou IM de 2,65 ± 3,21 (H. unitaeniatus), 3,41 ± 3,27 (H. malabaricus) e 2,17 ± 1,18 (P. nattereri). Nematóides com potencial zoonótico, encontrados com alta prevalência, demonstram a importância para ações das autoridades sanitárias.

Níveis de fósforo, cobre, cobalto e zinco em bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) na Ilha de Marajó, Estado do Pará / Levels of phosphorus, copper, cobalt and zinc in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) on Marajo Island, Pará

Foram estudados 104 bubalinos, adultos, sem distinção de raça e sexo, criados extensivamente, sem suplementação, em pastagens nativas de baixa qualidade nutricional, dos municípios de Breves, Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra e Soure, Ilha de Marajó, Pará. Realizou-se coleta de amostras de fígado, osso e sangue de 26 animais do município de Salvaterra, 38 animais do município de Soure, 20 animais do município de Breves e 20 animais do município de Cachoeira do Arari. Foram realizadas determinações dos teores de fósforo, no soro sanguíneo e no osso, do percentual de cinzas e da densidade específica no tecido ósseo, e de cobalto, cobre e zinco no tecido hepático. Observou-se que a média das concentrações de fósforo no soro sanguíneo (6,26mg/dl) e no osso (10,77%), a percentagem de cinzas (60,87%) e a densidade específica (1,59g/ml) do osso foram inferiores aos níveis críticos estabelecidos para bovinos, caracterizando deficiência de fósforo. As concentrações médias de cobre (5,57ppm), e zinco (27,05ppm) foram consideradas baixas quando comparadas com valores de referência, caracterizando deficiência para estes elementos. No caso do cobalto, quando se considerou os valores detectáveis e não detectáveis pela metodologia observou-se que 51,92% dos animais apresentaram níveis inferiores aos de referência, demonstrando a ocorrência da deficiência de cobalto nesses animais. Ressalta-se que as deficiências de cobre e zinco demonstraram uma maior gravidade já que todos os animais estudados apresentaram níveis deficientes nesses elementos.

The study comprised 104 adults buffaloes, without distinction of race and sex, reared extensively, without supplementation, in native pastures of low nutritional quality, in the municipalities of Breves, Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra and Soure, Marajo Island, Pará. Samples of liver, bone and blood were collected from 26 animals in the municipality of Salvaterra, from 38 animals in the municipality of Soure, from 20 animals in the municipality of Breves and from 20 animals in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari. Determination of the levels of phosphorus in the blood serum and bone ash, and of the specific gravity of bone, and of cobalt, copper and zinc in liver tissue were performed. The average phosphorus concentrations in blood serum (6.26mg/dl) and bone (10.77%), the percentage of ash (60.87%) and specific gravity (1.59g/ml) of bone were lower than the critical levels established for cattle, characterizing phosphorus deficiency. The average concentrations of copper (5.57ppm) and zinc (27.05ppm) was considered low when compared with reference values, characterizing deficiency for these elements. In the case of cobalt when considering the detectable and undetectable values by the methodology, it was observed that 51.92% of the animals had levels below the reference, indicating the occurrence of cobalt deficiency in these animals. It is emphasized that the deficiencies of copper and zinc were the most severe since all animals studied showed deficient levels of these elements.

Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos: uma nova espécie de Asteraceae para a Amazônia brasileira / Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos: a new species of Asteraceae for the Brazilian Amazonia

Em decorrência dos estudos na subtribo Ecliptinae da Amazônia brasileira, é descrita uma nova espécie, Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos. Até o presente momento, a espécie é considerada como endêmica da Ilha do Marajó. São apresentados diagnose em latim, descrição detalhada, comentários taxonômicos e ilustrações.

As result of subtribe Ecliptinae studies from Brazilian Amazonia, is described here a new species, Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos. At the present moment, this species had been considered as endemic of the Marajó Island. Latin diagnosis, detailed description, taxonomic commentaries and illustrations are presented.

Occurrence of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on human hosts, in three municipalities in the State of Pará, Brazil / Parasitismo por carrapatos (Acari: Ixodidae) em humanos, em três municípios do Estado do Pará

Assuming the existence of tick parasitism in humans in the State of Pará, an aggregate observational study was developed along a transversal line in three cities of the State, during two years. Interviews and examinations of 2,160 townspeople and tourists were carried out, without discrimination of ethnic, sex, age, or social status, and classified for effects analyzed for four bands of age, six types of activities in the society, and two sexes. Larvae, nymphs, and adults of ticks had been identified with cases of parasitism involving six species, of the genus Amblyomma, the genus Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens, and Ornithodorus talaje (the first case registered in Pará), infecting human beings. Adults and agricultural workers were most frequently attacked, followed by students. A. cajennense and R. sanguineus are the species most frequent in the parasitism affecting humans, and A. cajennense is the dominant species. The statistical prevalence was largest in Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha do Marajó. In Santarém the greatest average intensity of parasitism was for R. sanguineus, and in the other locations it wasfor A. cajennense. Agricultural workers faced the greatest risk from parasitism, and to place in practice elementary measures of prevention would reduce by 25 percent the number of cases.

Com a hipótese de parasitismo por carrapatos em humanos no Estado do Pará, foi desenvolvido estudo observacional, agregado, transversal em três mesoregiões do Estado, durante dois anos. Foram entrevistados e examinados 2.160 munícipes, e turistas, sem discriminação étnica, de sexo, idade, e social, classificados para efeito de análises em quatro faixas de idade, seis tipos de atividades na sociedade, e dois sexos. Houve casos de parasitismo por larvas, ninfas, e adultos de carrapatos, envolvendo seis espécies do gênero Amblyomma, o gênero Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens e Ornithodorus talaje (primeiro registo para o Estado). Adultos e os trabalhadores rurais são os mais atacados, seguidos dos estudantes. A. cajennense e R. sanguineus são as espécies mais freqüentes no parasitismo de humano, e A. cajennense é a espécie dominante. A prevalência foi superior a 40 por cento nos três municípios, e estatisticamente maior em Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha de Marajó. Em Santarém R. sanguineus teve a maior intensidade média de parasitismo, nos outros municípios foi por A. cajennense. Estar em atividade rural dobra o risco do parasitismo, e o esclarecimento da população, para colocar em prática medidas elementares de prevenção reduziria em 25 por cento o número de casos.

Musgos da ilha de Marajó - II - Município de Anajás Pará, Brasil

Mosses were collected in the municipality of Anajás, on the Marajó Island, in the northen Brazilian state of Pará. This work continues the survey of the Bryophyta flora of this island. Thirty-four species, belonging to 25 genera and 17 families, were identified from the municipality. Calymperaceae and Sematophyllaceae stand out as the families with the greatest number of species (six and five, respectively). The mosses Syrrhopodon leprieurii Mont., Fissidens elegans Brid., Isopterygium subbrevisetum (Hampe) Broth, and Meiothecium boryanum (C. Müll.) Mitt, represent new records for the state of Pará.

No município de Anajás, Ilha de Marajó, situado no estado do Pará, foram realizadas coletas de Bryophyta (musgos), em continuidade ao projeto que tem como objetivo conhecer a brioflora da ilha. Foram identificadas 34 espécies, distribuídas em 25 gêneros e 17 famílias. Destas, Calymperaceae e Sematophyllaceae destacaram-se pela diversidade específica, com seis e cinco espécies, respectivamente. Os musgos Syrrhopodon leprieurii Mont., Fissidens elegans Brid., Isopterygium subbrevisetum (Hampe) Broth, e Meiothecium boryanum (C. Müll.) Mitt., são apresentados como novas ocorrências para o estado do Pará.